This is a comprehensive list of abbreviations that appear in APS journals.
Note that some terms are shown as highlighted APS Toolkit codes (e.g.,
«obar»), because the symbols they represent cannot be displayed in a web
browser.
If you find any errors in this list or think of a term that should be on it,
contact the Web Copy Editor.
| A |
absolute temperature, or absorbance, or amplitude |
| A |
area |
| [A–] |
dissociated proteinate concn. |
| AAALAC |
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care |
| (A-a)Do2 |
alveolar-arterial O2 difference |
| (A-a)«po2» |
alveolar-arterial «po2» difference |
| Aβ |
β-peptide |
| A/B |
apex-to-base ratio |
| Ab |
antibody |
| ABA |
aortic baroreceptor activity |
| ABC |
avidin-biotin complex (for staining) |
| ABD |
aerosol bolus dispersion |
| abd |
abdominal |
| ABFV |
aortic blood flow velocity |
| ABG |
arterial blood pH and gas tensions |
| ABP |
arterial blood pressure, or (infrequently) ambulatory blood pressure |
| Ac |
capillary surface area |
| AC |
alternating current |
| ACA |
anterior cerebral artery supply |
| ACC |
acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| ACDH |
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| ACE |
angiotensin I-converting enzyme |
| ACEI |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
| ACF |
autocorrelation function |
| ACh |
acetylcholine |
| AChE |
acetylcholinesterase |
| aCSF |
artificial cerebrospinal fluid |
| ACTH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| A/D |
analog-to-digital (converter) |
| ADA |
adenosine deaminase |
| ADAM |
aerosol-derived airway morphometry or 9-anthryldiazomethane |
| ADC |
analog-to-digital converter |
| ADPase |
adenosinediphosphatase |
| ADPKD |
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |
| ADS |
anatomic dead space |
| ADX |
adrenalectomized |
| AFC |
alveolar fluid clearance |
| aFGF |
acidic fibroblast growth factor |
| Ag-AgCl |
silver-silver chloride; most often used with respect to an electrode (do
not define) |
| AHVR |
acute hypoxic ventilatory response |
| AIC |
Akaike information criterion |
| AICAR |
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside |
| AIDS |
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| AIM |
ambulatory impedance monitor |
| AIR |
automated image registration |
| Alb |
albumin |
| ALD |
anterior latissimus dorsi (muscle) |
| ALI |
acute lung injury |
| ALS |
acid labile subunit |
| ALT |
alanine aminotransferase |
| AM |
acetoxymethyl ester (e.g. fura-2 AM); ante meridian (do
not define) |
| 7-AMC |
7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin |
| AMP |
adenosine 5´-monophosphate (do not define) |
| AMPA |
dl-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisox
azole-propionic acid |
| AMPase |
adenosinemonophosphatase (do not define) |
| AMP-CP |
α,β-methyleneadenosine 5´-diphosphate |
| AMPK |
AMP-activated protein kinase |
| AMS |
acute mountain sickness |
| AMS-C |
acute mountain sickness-cerebral |
| amu |
atomic mass units |
| AMV |
avian myeloblastosis virus |
| ANCOVA |
analysis of covariance |
| ANF |
atrial natriuretic factor |
| ANG I |
angiotensin I |
| ANOVA |
analysis of variance |
| ANP |
atrial natriuretic peptide |
| ANR |
Aspergillus nitrate reductase |
| ANTU |
α-naphthylthiourea |
| Ap |
aprotinin |
| A-P |
anterior-posterior (change to AP - anteroposterior) |
| 4-AP |
4-aminopyridine |
| AP-5 |
dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid |
| AP |
atriopeptin, or anteroposterior (stereotaxic coordinate - do
not define), or antigen presentation, or area postrema |
| AP-1 |
activator protein-1 |
| APA |
action potential amplitude |
| APAAP |
alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase |
| APAF-1 |
apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 |
| APC |
antigen presenting cell |
| APD90 |
action potential duration at 90% duration |
| APE |
atom percent excess |
| ApEn |
approximate entropy |
| apoA |
apo(a) [different], apoB, apoAI, apoB-100, apoB-48, etc. apolipoproteins |
| apo A-IV |
apolipoprotein A-IV |
| APTT |
activated partial thromboplastin time |
| AQP-1 |
aquaporin-1 (some authors say AQP1; retain author's style) |
| AQP-3 |
aquaporin-3 |
| AQP-5 |
aquaporin-5 |
| ARDS |
acute respiratory distress syndrome (always use "acute"
instead of "adult") |
| ASA |
acetylsalicylic acid |
| ASD |
atrial septal defect |
| ASM |
airway smooth muscle |
| ASR |
acoustic startle reflex |
| AST |
aspartate aminotransferase |
| AT |
anaerobic threshold |
| ATBF |
adipose tissue blood flow |
| atm |
atmospheres (do not define)
(pressure) |
| [A]tot |
total concn of weak acids |
| ATPase |
adenosinetriphosphatase (do not define) |
| ATw |
amplitude of T wave |
| au or AU |
arbitrary units |
| AUC |
abbreviation for 3 amino acids (do not define),
or area under the curve (define) |
| a-v |
arteriovenous |
| AV |
atrioventricular |
| AVA |
arteriovenous anastomoses |
| (a-v)HbO2 |
arteriovenous difference in Hb-bound O2 |
| AVN |
atrioventricular node |
| (a-v)O2 |
arteriovenous O2 difference |
| AVP |
arginine vasopressin |
| AVSM |
airway vascular smooth muscle |
| AZ |
acetazolamide |
| b0,+ | sodium-independent transporter |
| B0,+ | sodium-dependent equivalent |
| B0 | eicosanoic competitor |
| BAEC | bovine aortic endothelial cells |
| BAL | bronchoalveolar lavage |
| BALF | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
| β-APP | β-amyloid precursor protein |
| BAPN | β-aminopropionitrile |
| BAPTA | 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetic acid |
| BAT | brown adipose tissue |
| BBB | blood-brain barrier |
| BCA | bicinchoninic acid |
| BCAA | branched chain amino acid |
| BCAAT | branched chain amino acid transaminase |
| BCECF | 2´,7´-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein |
| BCIP | 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate |
| BCM | body cell mass |
| BCNU | 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea |
| BCOADH | branched chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase |
| BD | base deficit |
| BDNF | brain derived neurotrophic factor |
| BDM | 2,3-butanedione monoximine |
| BF | blood flow |
| bFGF | basic fibroblast growth factor |
| BFtot | total blood flow |
| BFDLW | blood-free dry lung weight |
| β-HBA | β-hydroxybutyric acid |
| BHR | bronchohyperresponsive, or bronchial hyperreactivity |
| BIA | bioimpedance analyzer |
| BIS | bioimpedance spectroscopy |
| BK | bradykinin |
| BLES | bovine lipid extract surfactant |
| Bmax | maximum binding capacity or density of binding
sites |
| BMC | bone mineral content |
| BMD | bone mineral density |
| BME | basal medium Eagle |
| BMK | big mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| BMP | bone morphogenetic protein II |
| BMS | bulk magnetic susceptibility |
| bNOS | brain cell nitric oxide synthase (NOS) |
| BNP | brain natriuretic peptide |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate |
| bp | base pair |
| BP | binding protein |
| BPAEC | bovine pulmonary endothelial cells |
| 8-BrcAMP | 8-bromoadenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| 8-BrcGMP | 8-bromoguanosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| BrdU | bromodeoxyuridine |
| BRS | baroreceptor reflex sensitivity |
| BSA | bovine serum albumin (do not define) |
| BSP | sulfobromophthalein |
| BSTBA | 4-benzoyl-5-sulfamoyl-3(3-thenyloxy)benzoic acid |
| BSTFA | N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide |
| BT | bretylium tosylate |
| BTEE | N-benzoyl-l-tyrosine-ethyl ester |
| BTPS | body temperature pressure saturated (do
not define) |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| t-buOOH | t-butyl hydroperoxide |
| BV | blood volume |
| BVB | bilateral vagal block |
| BW | body weight (also "BWt") |
| C | circumference, or capacitance, or conductance |
| C | compliance, or concentration |
| CA | carbonic anhydrase |
| Ca50 | calcium concn. producing half-maximal activation |
| Cab | abdominal components |
| cADPr | cyclic ADP ribose |
| [Ca2+]i | intracellular calcium concentration |
| CaM | calmodulin |
| cAMP | adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| CAO | coronary artery occlusion |
| Ca{↓O2} | arterial O2 content |
| CAP | carotid arterial pressure |
| CB | carotid body |
| CBC | complete blood cell counts |
| CBF | cerebral blood flow, or coronary blood flow |
| CBG | cortisol-binding globulin |
| CBV | cerebral blood volume |
| CCCP | carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone |
| CCD | charge-coupled device |
| CCF | cross-correlation function |
| CCK | cholecystokinin |
| CCK-A | alimentary CCK |
| CCK-B | brain CCK |
| CCK-8 | cholecystokinin octapeptide |
| Cco22 | CO2 concentration |
| CCSP | clear cell secretory protein |
| CCT | corticosterone |
| CD | cluster of differentiation, or cortical density |
| CDΩ-18 | glycoprotein complex |
| CDH | congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
| CDP | continuous distending pressure, or carotid distending pressure |
| Cdyn | dynamic compliance |
| CE | catecholestrogen, or cholesteryl ester |
| C. elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans |
| CETP | cholesterol ester transfer protein |
| CETPa | cholesterol ester tranfer protein activity |
| CF | center frequency, or cystic fibrosis |
| C/F | capillary-to-fiber ratio |
| CFBS | colostrums-free bovine serum |
| CFC | capillary filtration coefficient |
| CFSE | carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester |
| CFTR | cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator |
| CFU | colony-forming unit |
| CGD | chronic granulomatous disease, or cumulative Gaussian distribution |
| cGMP | guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate |
| CGRP | calcitonin gene-related peptide |
| CgTx | ω-conotoxin GVIA (Cg is for Conus geographus) |
| CH50 | total hemolytic complement |
| CHA | cyclohexyladenosine |
| CHD | coronary heart disease |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CHO | carbohydrate, or Chinese hamster ovary |
| ChoRE | carbohydrate response elements |
| ChTX or CTX | charybdotoxin |
| CI | cardiac index (l/min/m2--change to use chem point), or confidence interval |
| CIC | contractile interstitial cells |
| CK | creatine kinase |
| CL | cycle length, or cardiolipin |
| Cl | lung compliance |
| CLP | cecal ligation and perforation |
| CLS | calf lung surfactant |
| CM | center of mass |
| CMAP | compound muscle action potential |
| CMN | caudal mediastinal lymph node |
| CMRO2 | cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen |
| CMS | cervical magnetic stimulation |
| CMV | cytomegalovirus, or conventional mechanical ventilation, or volume-controlled
mechanical ventilation |
| CNAP | continuous negative airway pressure |
| CNEP | continuous negative extrathoracic pressure |
| CNS | central nervous system, or complete natural surfactant |
| CNTF | ciliary neurotrophic factor |
| CNTFR-α | CNTF receptor-α |
| CO | cardiac output (l/min), or carbon monoxide |
| C{↓O2} | O2 content |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| COI | cyclooxygenase inhibition |
| COLBP | cyclooxygenase L-form transcript binding protein |
| COMT | catechol-O-methyltransferase |
| ConA | concanavalin A |
| COP | colloid osmotic pressure |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| COPi | interstitial colloid osmotic pressure |
| COPp | plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
| Cort | corticosterone |
| COSY | correlation spectroscopy |
| COUP-TF | chicken ovalbumin upstream promotor-transcription factor |
| C-OVA | chicken ovalbumin |
| COX | cyclooxygenase, or cytochrome-c oxidase |
| COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
| cP | centipoise |
| Cp | perfusate concentration of 125I-albumin |
| CP | creatine phosphate, or center of pressure |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPB | cardiopulmonary bypass |
| CPEP | continuous positive extrathoracic pressure |
| CPK | creatine phosphokinase |
| cPLA2 | cystolic, calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 |
| cpm | counts per minute (always lowercase) |
| CPN | caudate putamen nucleus |
| CPNI | carboxypeptidase N inhibitor |
| CPP | (2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphanoic acid, or cerebral perfusion pressure |
| cps | cycles per second |
| CPT I | carnitine palmitoyltransferase I |
| CPT-cAMP | 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| Cr | chromium (don't define), or creatine |
| CR1 | complement receptor 1 |
| Crc | rib cage components |
| cRc | central chemoreceptor |
| CRC | concentration-response curve |
| CRE | cAMP response element |
| CRF | corticotropin-releasing factor |
| CrP | creatine phosphate |
| CrPic | chromium picolinate |
| Crs | respiratory system compliance |
| CrT | crista terminalis |
| CS | coronary sinus, or citrate synthase, or corticosteroids |
| CSA | cross-sectional area |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CSN | carotid sinus nerve |
| CSP | carotid sinus pressure |
| CSQ | calsequestrin |
| 5-CT | 5-carboxamidotryptamine |
| CT | conduction time or contraction time or computerized tomography or critical threshold |
| CTP | cytidine 5´-triphosphate (do
not define) |
| CTPR | calculated total peripheral resistance |
| CURE | Center for Ulcer Research and Education |
| CV | coefficient of variation, or conduction velocity |
| CVC | cutaneous vascular conductance |
| %CVCmax | percentage of maximum CVC |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CVF | cobra venom factor |
| CVLM | caudal ventrolateral medulla |
| cVMS | caudal ventrolateral medullary surface |
| C«obar»v{↓O2} | mixed venous O2 content |
| Cv{↓O2} | venous O2 content |
| CVP | central venous pressure, or cerebrovascular resistance |
| CVQ | coefficient of variation of relative blood flow |
| CytA | cytosine arabinoside |
| Δ | change in... |
| Δ«obar»V | bolus mean volume shift |
| d | optical pathlength |
| D | diameter, or diffusion coefficient, or fractal dimension |
| D´ | apparent diffusion coefficient |
| D | deposited fraction of gas, or density |
| [D] | drug concentration |
| 3D | three-dimensional |
| D50W, D5W | 50% dextrose in water, or 5% dextrose in water |
| Da | daltons (kDa = kilodaltons) |
| DA | dopamine |
| DAB | diaminobenzidine |
| DAC | digital-to-analog converter |
| DAF-2 DA | 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate |
| DAG | diacylglycerol |
| DAP | diastolic arterial pressure |
| d-AP-7 | d-(–)-2-amino-7-phosphoheptanoic acid |
| dB | decibels |
| DBcAMP | dibutyryl adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| DBcGMP | dibutyryl guanosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate |
| DC | direct current |
| DCA | dichloroacetate |
| DCCD | N, N´-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide |
| DCDI | diffusion-convection-dependent ventilation inhomogeneity |
| DCF | dichlorofluorescein |
| DCF-DA | 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate |
| DCS | decompression sickness |
| [α-32P]dCTP | 32P-labeled deoxycytidine triphosphate
(do not define) |
| DDA | 2´,5´-dideoxyadenosine |
| DDAVP | 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin
or desmopressin |
| DEAE | diethylaminoethyl (do not define ) |
| DEHS | di-(2)-ethylhexyl sebacate |
| dEMG | differentiated EMG |
| deoxy-Hb | deoxygenated Hb |
| DEPC | diethyl pyrocarbonate |
| DES | diethylstilbestrol |
| df | degrees of freedom |
| DF | deposition fraction |
| DFO | desferrioxamine |
| dfz | diformazan |
| 2-DG | 2-deoxy-d-glucose |
| DHBA | 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine |
| DHKE | dihydroketoprostaglandin E |
| DHLA | dihydrolipoic acid |
| DHP | dihydropyridine |
| DHPR | dihydropyridine receptor |
| DHT | dihydrotestosterone |
| diam | diameter (spell out in text) |
| DIDS | 4,4´-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2´-disulfonic acid |
| DKE | dynamic knee extension |
| DlCOCO | lung CO-diffusing capacity |
| DLH | dl-homocysteic acid |
| DlNONO | lung NO-diffusing capacity |
| DLW | dry lung weight, or doubly labeled water |
| dm | dry mass |
| Dm | membrane diffusing capacity |
| DM | dorsomedial |
| DmCO | CO-diffusing capacity of alveolar-capillary membrane |
| DMD | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| DMEM | Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium |
| DMPP | 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide |
| DMRT | Duncan's multiple-range test |
| DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
| DMTU | dimethylthiourea |
| DNase | deoxyribonuclease (do not define ) |
| DNPH | 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine |
| dNTP | 2-deoxynucleotide 5´-triphosphate |
| «odot»Do22 | oxygen delivery, or oxygen diffusion |
| DOC | deoxycorticosterone |
| DOCA | deoxycorticosterone acetate |
| Dom | domperidone |
| DOMS | delayed-onset muscle soreness |
| DPAC | diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (but preferred version is N-phenylanthranilic acid) |
| dP/dt | change in pressure over time |
| DPG | 2,3-diphospho-d-glycerate |
| dpm | disintegrations per minute |
| DPPC | 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-glycero phosphoryl choline |
| DPV | diperoxovanadate |
| DR | Dahl resistant |
| DRG | dorsal root ganglion, or dorsal respiratory group |
| ds | double-strand (e.g., DNA) |
| DS | Dahl sensitive |
| DSP | dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) |
| DTAB | dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide |
| DTE | dithioerythritol |
| DTH | delayed-type hypersensitivity |
| DTNB | 5,5´-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
| DTPA | diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid |
| DTT | dithiothreitol |
| DU | density units |
| DV | ductus venosus |
| dw | dry weight |
| D/W | dry-to-wet weight ratio |
| DXA | dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (if au has DEXA, leave it) |
| dyn | dyne |
| dZ/dt | first derivative of pulsatile impedance (Z) |
| dZ/dtmax | maximum of impedance (Z) derivative |
| ε | strain |
| η | hysteresivity, or viscosity |
| E-64 | trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane |
| E | elastance, or mechanical efficiency, or shear strain, or enrichment |
| Esc | expiratory |
| E2 | 17β-estradiol |
| E | elastic modulus |
| Ea | energy of activation |
| EAA | excitatory amino acid |
| EAD | effective air space (airway) dimension |
| EAR | early airway response |
| EBA | albumin labeled with Evans Blue |
| EBD | Evans blue dye |
| EC50 | 50% effective concentration (do
not define) |
| Ec | cellular electromotive force |
| Ec | oxygen diffusion conductance |
| EC | excitation-contraction |
| ECD | ethyl cysteinate dimer |
| ECF | extracellular fluid |
| ECG | electrocardiogram |
| ECL | enhanced chemiluminescence |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| ECMO | extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
| ECP | eosinophil cationic protein |
| ECW | extracellular water |
| ECoG | electrocorticogram |
| ed. | edition (in APS reference
style) |
| Ed. | editors (in APS reference
stylefor book chapters) |
| ED50 | half-maximal effective dose |
| EDCF | endothelium-derived contracting factor |
| EDHF | endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor |
| EDL | extensor digitorum longus |
| EDN | eosinophil-derived neurotoxin |
| EDRF | endothelium-derived relaxing factor (i.e., nitric oxide) |
| Edyn | dynamic elastance |
| Edyni | dynamic elastance during inspiration |
| Edyne | dynamic elastance during expiration |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| EELV | end-expiratory lung volume |
| EEP | end-expiratory pause |
| EER | estimated energy requirement |
| EFPEC | epididymal fat pad endothelial cells |
| EFS | electrical field stimulation |
| EGF | epidermal growth factor |
| EGTA | ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N´,N´-tetraacetic acid
(do not define) |
| EHS | Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (matrix) |
| EI | evenness index |
| EIA | enzyme immunoassay |
| EILV | end-inspiratory lung volume |
| EIP | end-inspiratory pause |
| EIPA | ethylisopropyl amiloride |
| EIPH | exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage |
| El | lung elastance |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| ELR | excitatory lung reflex |
| EMCL | extramyocellular lipid |
| «odot»Emetab | metabolic rate |
| EMG | electromyogram |
| EMGdia | diaphragmatic electromyogram |
| EMGdiapls | diaphragmatic electromyogram in the pulse breaths |
| EMGgg | electromyographic activity of the genioglossus |
| EMGnk | nuchal electromyogram |
| EMSA | electrophoretic mobility shift assay |
| EMGsm | sternomastoid muscle electromyogram |
| EN | ethmoidal nerve |
| ENA | epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating protein (example: ENA-78) |
| ENaC | epithelial Na channels; rENaC, rat ENaC, also α-, β-, and γ-ENaC |
| ENG | electroneurogram |
| ENO | elimination rate of NO |
| eNOS | endothelial NOS |
| EOG | electrooculogram |
| EPA | extrapulmonary artery |
| Epi | epitrochlearis |
| Epo | erythropoietin |
| EPO | eosinophil peroxidase |
| EPR | electron paramagnetic resonance |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptic potential |
| ER | estrogen receptor |
| ERG | electroretinogram |
| ERK | extracellular regulated kinase (also ERK1, ERK2) |
| ER{↓O2} | oxygen extraction ratio |
| ER{↓O2|crit} | critical oxygen extraction ratio |
| ERT | estrogen-replacement therapy |
| ERV | expiratory reserve volume |
| ES | electrical stimulation |
| ESPVR | end-systolic pressure-volume relationship |
| Est, l | static pulmonary elastance
of the lung |
| ET | endotracheal, or endothelin |
| ET-1 | endothelin-1 |
| ETC | electron transport chain |
| EtOH | ethanol |
| EU | endotoxin units (be sure to define) |
| EVLW | extravascular lung water |
| f | respiratory frequency (always roman) |
| f | frequency, or flux (electrical) |
| F | flow (Roman), or force, or fluorescence, or infusion rate |
| «obar»F | ground force |
| F | Faraday constant, or frequency |
| 4-F | Foley catheter, size 4 |
| F360 | fluorescence at 360-nm excitation |
| FA | fatty acids, or filtered air |
| FAB/MS | fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry |
| FAK | focal adhesion kinase |
| FAS | fatty acid synthase |
| 5F-BAPTA | 5-fluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetic acid |
| FBF | forearm blood flow |
| FBS | fetal bovine serum |
| «obar»Fbw | force to support body weight |
| FC | free cholesterol |
| fc | characteristic frequency |
| FCCP | carbonyl cyanide p-trifluormethoxyphenylhydrazone |
| FCI | food conversion index |
| Fe | fraction of tissue water that is extracellular |
| FEF | forced expiratory flow |
| FEF75 | forced expiratory flow after exhalation of 75% FVC |
| Fe{↓N2O} | expiratory
fraction of N2O leaving nose |
| FES | functional electric stimulation |
| FET | field effect transistor |
| Fet{↓CO2} | fraction of end-tidal CO2 |
| Fet{↓O2} | fraction of end-tidal O2 |
| FEV1 | forced expiratory volume in 1 s |
| FEV25-75% | forced maximal midexpiratory flow |
| FFA | free fatty acids |
| FFM | fat-free mass |
| FFT | fast Fourier transform |
| FFW | fat-free weight |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| «fico2» | inspired CO2 fraction |
| Fi{↓N2O} | inspiratory
fraction of N2O |
| «fio2» | inspired O2 fraction |
| FISSS | Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Seguridad Social |
| FITC | fluorescein isothiocyanate (-labeled dextran) |
| FLA-365 | [2,6-dichloro-4-dimethylaminophenyl]isopropylamine |
| FLAP | 5-lipoxygenase activating protein |
| Fmus | muscle force |
| FM | fat mass, or frequency modulation |
| Fmax | maximum calcium-activated force, or maximum force production |
| FMRF-amide | Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 |
| FMS | functional magnetic stimulation |
| FO | forced oscillation |
| FOV | field of view |
| FPh | follicular phase |
| FPLC | fast-performance liquid chromatography |
| 4-Fr | French catheter, size 4 (do not
define) |
| FRA | Fos-related antigen |
| FRAP | ferric reducing ability/power |
| FRC | functional residual capacity |
| Froi{↓O2} | fraction of O2 in region of interest |
| FSE | fast spin echo |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| FSR | fractional synthesis rate |
| FVC | forced vital capacity, or forearm vascular conductance |
| F-VEP | flash visual-evoked potential |
| FVM | fluorescent videomicroscopy |
| FWHM | full-width half-maximum |
| Fx | lateral force |
| Fy | horizontal force |
| Fz | vertical force |
| G | gravity, or pulmonary tissue conductance, or applied force, or tissue damping |
| G | electrical conductance or resistance |
| G* | complex modulus |
| G´ | storage modulus |
| G«dprime» | loss modulus |
| 1 G | gravity on the ground |
| μG | microgravity |
| G-17 | gastrin-17 |
| G-(1«sbond»17) | hecadecapeptide gastrin |
| GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid, also GABAA, GABAB
(do not define) |
| Gao | aortic conductance |
| GAP-43 | growth associated protein-43 |
| GAPDH | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| GAS | γ-activation sequence (use the Greek letter) |
| ΔGATP | free energy of ATP hydrolysis |
| GB | ganglionic blocker |
| gCBF | global cerebral blood flow |
| GC | gas chromatography |
| GC/C/IRMS | gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry |
| GC-MS | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| GCRC | General Clinical Research Center |
| GDP | guanosine diphosphate (do not
define) |
| GDPβS | guanosine 5´-[β-thio]diphosphate, or guanosine
5´-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) |
| GER | gastroesophageal reflux |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| GG | genioglossus |
| GH | growth hormone |
| Gha | hepatic artery conductance |
| Gi | inhibitory G protein (do
not define) |
| GIP | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| GITC | 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate |
| Gj | junctional conductance |
| Gl | pulmonary conductance |
| Glc | glucose |
| GLIP | glycerol intrinsic protein |
| GLM | general linear model |
| Gln | glutamine |
| GLP | glucagon-like peptide |
| Glu | glutamate, or glucose |
| GLUT1, GLUT2, etc. | glucose transporter isoform (do
not define) |
| gm | mitochondrial conductance |
| Gmax | maximum conductance change (electrical) |
| GMBF | gastric mucosal blood flow |
| GMP | guanosine 5´-monophosphate |
| GMSA | gel mobility shift assays |
| Gn | histone-induced conductance (electrical) |
| GnRH | gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| GoF | goodness of fit |
| G-6-P | glucose-6-phosphate |
| G-6-PDH | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| GPDH | α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase |
| GPO | gov't printing office |
| Gpp(NH)p | 5´-guanylyl imidodiphosphate |
| GPX | glutathione peroxidase |
| GRD | glutathione disulfide reductase |
| GRF | growth hormone releasing factor, or ground reaction force |
| GRP | gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP-(1«sbond»27)] |
| GSD | geometric standard deviation |
| GSH | glutathione or reduced glutathione |
| GSNO | S-nitrosoglutathione |
| GSR | galvanic skin response |
| GSSG | glutathione disulfide or oxidized glutathione |
| GST | glutathione S-transferase |
| Gt | transepithelial conductance |
| Gti | tissue damping |
| GTPγS | guanosine 5´-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) |
| Gz | vertical acceleration (i.e., head-to-toe
acceleration) |
| h |
inactivation in presence of drug |
| H |
height, or elastance |
| H-7 |
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine |
| H-8 |
N-(2-[methylamino]ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide |
| HA |
hyaluronic acid, or hydrophobic apoprotein, or high altitude |
| HABFV |
hepatic arterial blood flow velocity |
| HACE |
high-altitude cerebral edema |
| HADH |
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase |
| HAF |
hepatic arterial blood flow |
| HAP |
hepatic arterial pressure |
| HAR |
hepatic arterial vascular resistance |
| Hb |
hemoglobin |
| H-B |
Hering-Breuer |
| HbCO |
carboxyhemoglobin |
| HbO2 |
oxyhemoglobin |
| HBO2 |
hyperbaric oxygen |
| HBSS |
Hanks' balanced salt solution |
| HC |
hypercholesterolemia |
| hCGRP |
human calcitonin gene-related peptide |
| δ-HCH |
δ-hexachlorocyclohexane |
| Hct |
hematocrit |
| HCVR |
hypercapnic ventilatory responses |
| HDL |
high-density lipoprotein |
| HDNF |
head-down neck flexion |
| HDTA |
hexamethylenediamine-N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetate |
| H & E |
hematoxylin and eosin--common stain for cells (always
write out) |
| HE |
Haldane effect |
| HEP |
high-energy phosphates |
| HEPES |
N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N´-2-ethanesulfonic
acid |
| HES |
hydroxyethyl starch |
| HETE |
hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
| 12-HETE |
12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
| HFBA |
n-heptafluorobutyric acid |
| HFBP |
high-affinity folate-binding protein |
| HFOV |
high-frequency oscillatory ventilation |
| HG |
hypoglossal |
| HGP |
hepatic glucose production |
| HGPRT |
hypoxanthine/guanine 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate |
| H-H interval |
hiccup-hiccup interval |
| HHL |
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine |
| HIC |
higher intensity cycling |
| HIL |
hydrostatic indifference level |
| HIP |
hydrostatic indifference point |
| HIV |
human immunodeficiency virus |
| HK |
hexokinase |
| HLA |
human leukocyte antigen |
| Hmax |
maximal H reflex |
| HMF |
hydroxymethylfurfural |
| 4-HNE |
4-hydroxynonenal |
| HNF-3α |
hepatocyte nuclear factor-3α (also -3β) |
| HP |
holding potential, or hydroxylysylpyridinoline |
| HPETE |
hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
| hpGRF |
human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor |
| HPLC |
high-performance liquid chromatography |
| HPLC-EC |
HPLC-electrochemical detection |
| HPNS |
high pressure neurological syndrome |
| HPV |
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction |
| HRmax |
maximum heart rate |
| HRP |
horseradish peroxidase |
| HRR |
heart rate reserve |
| HRV |
heart rate variability |
| HSD |
honestly significant difference |
| HSP70 |
heat shock protein 70 (some authors may use HSP-70) |
| HSV-1 |
herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| 5-HT |
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin - preferred usage) |
| HTGLa |
hepatic triglyceride lipase activity |
| Hti |
tissue elastance |
| HTR |
heart transplant recipients |
| HU |
hindlimb unweighted, or Hounsfield unit |
| HUVEC |
human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
| HVR |
hypoxic ventilatory response |
| HYP |
hydroxyproline |
| I |
current, or leak constant |
| I |
inertance, or intensity |
| I |
inspiratory (modifier on line) |
| IAAT |
intra-abdominal adipose tissue |
| IACUC |
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
| Iaw |
airway inertance |
| IBF |
iliac blood flow |
| IBI |
interbreath intervals |
| IBMX |
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine |
| IC |
inspiratory capacity |
| IC50 |
half-maximal inhibitory concentration (do not
define) |
| ICa |
calcium current |
| ICa,L |
L-type calcium channel current |
| ICAM-1 |
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
| ICD |
intercapillary distances |
| icv |
intracerebroventricular [also iv (intravenous), im (intramuscular), sc
(subcutaneous), po (per os)] |
| ICW |
intracellular water |
| ID |
internal diameter (in parens.) (do not define) |
| IDF |
intrathoracic deposition fraction |
| IDH |
isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| Ie |
current electrodes |
| IEC |
intestinal epithelial cell line |
| iEMG |
integrated EMG |
| IF |
intrinsic factor |
| IFL |
inspiratory flow limitation |
| IFN-γ |
interferon-γ |
| IFNEX |
IFN-γ-enhanced factor X |
| IGE |
intravascular gas embolism |
| IGF-I, II |
insulin-like growth factor I, II |
| IGFBP-3 |
insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, -2 |
| IgG |
immunoglobulin G (do not define) |
| IK |
potassium current |
| IL-1β |
interleukin-1β |
| IMCL |
intramyocellular lipid |
| IMF |
intermyofibrillar |
| IML |
intermediolateral cell column |
| IMP |
inosine 5´-monophosphate |
| iNOS |
inducible nitric oxide synthase [also ecNOS (endothelial constitutive
NOS), nNOS (neuronal NOS)] |
| InsP1 |
inositol 1-phosphate (also IP1) |
| Ins(1,4)P2 |
inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (also IP2) |
| Ins(1,4,5)P3 |
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also IP3) |
| IOD |
integrated optical denisty |
| ION |
infraorbital nerve |
| IPA |
intrapulmonary artery |
| IPG |
impedance pneumograph |
| IPPV |
positive pressure during inspiration |
| IPS |
inspiratory pressure support |
| IPSV |
inspiratory pressure support ventilation |
| IPTG |
isopropylthiogalactoside |
| IPV |
in-phase vibration |
| I/R |
ischemia-reperfusion |
| irAP |
immunoreactive atriopeptin |
| IRL |
inspiratory resistance loading |
| IRMS |
isotope ratio mass spectrometry |
| IRS |
insulin responsive sequence |
| IRS-1 |
insulin receptor substrate-1 |
| Isc |
short-circuit current |
| ISF |
interstitial fluid |
| ISFET |
ion-sensitive field-effect transistor |
| ISGF3 |
IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 |
| ISI |
interspike interval, or isometric-shortening-isometric |
| Iso |
isometric |
| ISP |
intrasinus pressure |
| ITM |
interpolated twitch moment |
| ITP |
intrathoracic pressure |
| iv |
intravenous |
| I-V |
current-voltage relationship |
| IVC |
inferior vena cava |
| IVIC |
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas |
| IVR |
iliac vascular resistance |
| IVRT |
isovolumic relaxation time |
| m |
slope of linear change in mitochondrial conductance coefficient |
| m |
mass |
| μG |
microgravity |
| M |
molar = mol per liter |
| M |
Haldane coefficient, or relative affinity |
| «odot»M |
metabolic heat production |
| MAb |
monoclonal antibody |
| MABP |
mean arterial blood pressure |
| MAC |
minimum alveolar concentration |
| mAChR |
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (bump R for receptor) |
| MACV |
minimum afferent conduction velocity |
| mA•h |
milliampere-hour |
| MAO |
monoamine oxidase |
| MAP |
mitogen-activated protein, or mean arterial pressure, or mean arterial
blood pressure |
| MAPK |
mitogen-activating protein kinase, also MAPKK and MAPKKK (double and
triple the "kinase" !) |
| MARCKS |
myristolated alanine-rich C kinase substrate |
| mATPase |
myofibrillar ATPase |
| Mb |
body mass |
| Mb |
myoglobin |
| MBED |
9-methyl-7-bromoeudistomin D |
| MBF |
mesenteric blood flow |
| MBP |
mean blood pressure, or major basic protein |
| MBq |
mega becquerel (unit of measure, don't define) |
| MBW |
multiple-breath nitrogen washouts |
| MBWXe |
multiple-breath 133Xe washout |
| MCA |
middle cerebral artery |
| MCAO |
middle cerebral artery occlusion |
| MCC |
maternal cardiac complex |
| MCh |
methacholine |
| mCK |
mouse cytokine |
| MCK |
muscle creatine kinase |
| MCLA |
2-methyl-6-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihdroimidazo[,2-a]pyrazin-3-one
hydrochloride |
| MCP |
musculocutaneous perforator |
| MCR |
metabolic clearance rate |
| MCSA |
muscle cross-sectional area |
| mCSF |
mock cerebrospinal fluid |
| MCV |
mean corpuscular volume |
| MDA |
malondialdehyde |
| MDH |
malate dehydrogenase |
| MDIBL |
Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory |
| MDR |
methacholine dose response |
| 2-ME |
2-mercaptoethanol |
| ME |
magnitude estimation |
| MEA |
MOPS-EDTA-NaOAc buffer |
| MEF-2 |
myocyte enhancer factor-2 |
| MEFV |
maximal expiratory flow-volume |
| 2-MeOE |
2-methoxy estrogens |
| MEP |
maximal expired pressure, or mean expiratory mouth pressure |
| MEPP |
miniature end-plate potential |
| MES |
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid |
| 2-MeS-ATP |
2-methylthio-ATP |
| MET |
metabolic equivalent [1 MET = 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
(oxygen consumption at rest)] |
| MFA |
muscle fiber area |
| MFI |
mean fluorescence intensity |
| MG |
macroglycogen, or medial gastrocnemius, or marginal glia |
| 3-MG |
3-O-[ 3H]methyl-d-glucose |
| MHC |
myosin heavy chain (MHCneo, slow, 1, 2A, 2X, 2B, ; MHC IIa,
MHC IIx, etc.) |
| MHS |
muscle histopathology score |
| MI |
myocardial infarction |
| MID |
multiple-indicator dilution |
| MIF |
migration inhibition factor, or maximal isometric force |
| MIGET |
multiple inert-gas elimation technique |
| MIMS |
membrane inlet mass spectrometry |
| MIP |
major intrinsic protein, or mean inspiratory mouth pressure |
| MIP-1α |
macrophage inflammatory protein (also -1, -1β) |
| MIWC |
mercurial-insensitive water channel |
| MKK4 |
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 |
| MLD |
mean lung density |
| mM |
millimolar per liter (mmol/l is OK) |
| MMAD |
mass median aerodynamic diameter |
| MMC |
migrating motor complex |
| mmHg |
millimeters of mercury (do not define) |
| MMIMS |
micropore membrane inlet mass spectrometry |
| MMLV |
Moloney murine leukemia virus |
| MMP |
matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, etc.) |
| MMW |
medium molecular weight |
| mo |
month |
| MOAT |
multispecific organic anion transporter |
| mol |
mole (do not define) |
| MOPS |
3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid |
| MNS |
modified natural surfactant |
| mol wt |
molecular weight (do not define) |
| M«phi» |
macrophage |
| MPAP |
mean pulmonary arterial pressure |
| mph |
miles/hour (must define as mile/h) |
| MPO |
myeloperoxidase |
| MPWC |
maximal physical working capacity |
| MR |
magnetic resonance |
| Mr |
molecular ratio (mass) |
| MRI |
magnetic resonance imaging |
| MRS |
magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
| MRT |
mean response time |
| MSAP |
mean systemic arterial pressure |
| MSD |
membrane-spanning domain |
| MSH |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| MSNA |
muscle sympathetic nerve activity |
| MSO |
medial superior olives |
| MTA |
moving time average |
| mtDNA |
mitochondrial DNA |
| mTe |
mechanical expiratory time |
| mTi |
mechanical inspiratory time |
| mtTFA |
mitochondrial transcription factor A |
| MVC |
maximum voluntary contraction |
| MVIC |
maximum volitional isometric contraction |
| M«vo2» |
myocardial O2 consumption |
| MVP |
mean venous pressure |
| MVV |
maximal voluntary ventilation |
| MVV15 |
maximal voluntary ventilation in 15 s |
| MW |
molecular weight (not APS style - use mol wt instead) |
| MWC |
maximal work capacity |
| m/z |
mass-to-charge ratio |
| MZ |
methazolamide |
| N |
nondeposited fraction of gas or nitrogen |
| NA |
nucleus ambiguus, numerical aperature or not available, not
applicable (esp. in tables) |
| NAC |
N-acetyl-l-cysteine |
| NaCN |
sodium cyanide (do not define) |
| NADPH |
reduced NADP |
| NAF |
non-anticoagulant fractions |
| NANC |
nonadrenergic noncholinergic |
| NAP |
neutrophil-activating peptide |
| NBD |
nitrobenzoxadiazole (e.g., NBD-phallacidin), or nucleotide-binding
domain (NBD1, NBD2, etc.) |
| NBHR |
nonbronchohyperresponsive |
| NBT |
nitro blue tetrazolium (dye) |
| NC |
normocholesterolemia |
| NCS |
neonatal calf serum |
| ND |
standard optics symbol for index of refraction |
| ND |
nandrolone decanoate or not defined, not determined |
| NDGA |
nordihydroguaiaretic acid |
| NDI |
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
| NDM |
nasal dilator muscle |
| NE |
norepinephrine, or nuclear extracts, or normalized elastance |
| NECA |
5´-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine |
| NEFA |
nonesterified fatty acids |
| NEM |
N-ethylmaleimide |
| NEP |
neutral endopeptidase, or negative expiratory pressure |
| NEX |
number of excitations |
| NF-κB |
nuclear factor-κB, NEW: insert hyphen- |
| NGF |
nerve growth factor |
| nH |
Hill coefficient |
| NHE |
Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1, NHE2, NHE3... some authors
will hyphenate; use author preference) |
| NHS |
normal horse serum |
| NIDDM |
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NIPS |
News Physiol. Sci. |
| NIRS |
near-infrared spectroscopy |
| NK1, NK2, etc. |
neurokinin receptors |
| NKA |
neurokinin A |
| NKB |
neurokinin B |
| NKCA |
natural killer cell activity |
| NLA |
nitro-l-arginine |
| NMDA |
N-methyl-d-aspartate |
| NMJ |
neuromuscular junction |
| NMP |
N-methyl-2-phenylindole |
| NMR |
nuclear magnetic resonance |
| NO |
nitric oxide (do not define) |
| NOS |
nitric oxide synthase (NOS II, NOS III; also ecNOS, nNOS, iNOS... see iNOS) |
| NP-40 |
Nonidet P-40 |
| NPR |
natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A, -B, -C) also called GC-A and GC-B
(for guanylyl cyclase) |
| NPY |
neuropeptide Y |
| NR |
normalized resistance |
| NREM |
non-rapid eye movement (do not hyphenate "rapid eye movement"
when used as an adjective) |
| NRP |
nucleus reticularis pontis |
| NRti |
normalized tissue resistance |
| NSAID |
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| NSC |
nonspecific cation |
| NSILA |
nonsuppressive insulin-like activity |
| NSP |
nonstarch polysaccharides |
| NSR |
noise-to-signal ratio |
| nt |
nucleotide |
| NTCP |
Na+-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide |
| NTS |
nucleus tractus solitarii (nucleus of solitary tract) |
| NUAP |
negative upper airway pressure |
| π |
oncotic pressure |
| p |
Laplace transform variable |
| p |
para (precedes a chemical name) |
| P |
permeability, or probability, or perimeter |
| P |
pressure, or force, or tension, or polarization |
| P0.1 |
mouth pressure 100 ms after beginning of inspiratation |
| P1 |
pellet fraction |
| P1, P2, P3, etc. |
promotor regions of genes |
| P2 |
purinoreceptors (P2x, excitatory; P2y, inhibitory) |
| P50 |
O2 concn required for half-maximal reduction, or «po2»
necessary to obtain 50% O2 saturation of Hb, or O2 half-saturation pressure |
| P300 |
long-latency potential brain wave |
| Pa |
arterial partial pressure |
| Pa |
alveolar pressure |
| PA |
phosphatidic acid, or puromycin aminonucleoside, or pulmonary artery |
| PAC |
p-aminoclonidine , or plasma aldosterone concentration |
| «paco2» |
arterial partial pressure of CO2 (measured in Torr;
JAP-specific) |
| Palb |
diffusional permeability to albumin |
| Pam |
ambient pressure |
| Pao |
airway opening pressure |
| «pao2» |
arterial partial pressure of O2 (measured in Torr) |
| PACAP |
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide |
| PACAP-38 |
or range PACAP-(17«sbond»38) |
| PAE |
postanodal excitation |
| PAF |
platelet-activating factor |
| Pa{↓N2} |
partial pressure of N2 in arterial blood |
| Pao |
airway opening pressure |
| PAS |
periodic acid Schiff (staining) |
| Pa{↓SF6} |
partial pressure of SF6 in alveoli |
| Patm |
atmospheric pressure |
| PAV |
proportional-assist ventilator |
| Paw |
airway pressure |
| Ppaw |
pulmonary arterial wedge pressure |
| Pb |
barometric pressure |
| PBF |
pulmonary blood flow |
| PBL |
parabrachialis lateralis |
| PBM |
parabrachialis medialis |
| P{↓b|N2} |
pressure of N2 inside bubble |
| Pbox |
box pressure |
| Pbr |
bronchial pressure |
| PC |
phosphatidylcholine, or provacative concentration, or principal
component |
| PC20 |
concn. of [drug] that induces 20% decline in FEV1 |
| pCa |
pH of calcium (do not define) |
| pCa50 |
–log Ca50 (do not define) |
| PCA |
postconceptional age, or perchloric acid, or posterior cricoarytenoid |
| PCF |
pressure correlation function |
| PC+M |
palmitoyl-dl-carnitine + malate |
| PCNA |
proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
| «pco2» |
CO2 tension either venous or arterial (in Torr, no
need to define) |
| pCPA |
p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride |
| Pc{↓O2} |
partial pressure of O2 in capillary blood |
| PCr |
phosphocreatine |
| PCR |
polymerase chain reaction |
| Pcrit |
critical pressure |
| Pcuff |
cuff pressure |
| PCWP |
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| Pcyl |
cylinder pressure |
| pD2 |
apparent affinity |
| PD20 |
provocative dose that causes 20% decline in FEV1 |
| PDB-1 |
Pee Dee Belemnitella-1 |
| PDBu |
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate |
| PDE |
phosphodiesterase (see sheet on this family) |
| PD-ECGF |
platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor |
| PDF |
probability density function |
| PDGF |
platelet-derived growth factor (B, -β) |
| PDH |
pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| Pdi |
transdiaphragmatic pressure |
| Pdipls |
transdiaphragmatic pressure in pulse breaths |
| Pdi,tw |
transdiaphragmatic pressure twitch |
| Pdx|70 |
diffusional permeability to dextran 70 |
| Pe |
equilibrium pressure |
| Pe |
Péclet number |
| PE |
phosphatidylethanolamine, or phycoerythrin, or phenylephrine |
| Pe |
expiratory pressure |
| «obar»Pe |
mean pressure developed during expiration |
| PEC |
peritoneal exudate cell |
| PECAM-1 |
platelet endothelial cell adhesion modecule 1 |
| PEEP |
positive end-expiratory pressure |
| PEEPi |
intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure |
| PEF |
peak expiratory flow |
| Peff |
effective positive pressure |
| PEG |
polyethylene glycol |
| Pemax |
maximum exspiratory pressure |
| Penh |
enhanced pause |
| PEP |
preejection period |
| PERCP |
peridinin-chlorophyll-a-protein |
| PerCP |
peridinin chlorophyll protein |
| Pes |
esophageal pressure |
| PET |
positron emission tomography |
| «petco2» |
end-tidal «pco2» |
| Pes |
esophageal pressure, or end-systolic pressure |
| Pes,tw |
esophageal pressure twitch |
| PET |
plethysmograph/exposure tube |
| Pexp |
expiratory pressure |
| PF |
peak tetanic force |
| PFC |
perfluorocarbon, or perfluorochemical |
| PFK-2 |
phosphofructokinase-2 |
| PFO |
patent foramen ovale |
| PFT |
pulmonary function test |
| PFU |
plaque-forming unit |
| PG |
proteoglycans, or proglycogen, or phosphatidylglycerol |
| Pga |
gastric pressure |
| PGAM |
phosphoglycerate mutase |
| Pgas |
gas pressure |
| Pga,tw |
gastric pressure twitch |
| PGCL |
paragigantocellularis lateralis |
| Pg{↓CO2} |
gastric «pco2» |
| PGE1 |
prostaglandin E1 |
| PGO |
pontogeniculooccipital |
| PH |
prolyl-4-hydroxylase, or pulmonary hypertension, or phrenic nerve |
| PHA |
phytohemagglutinin |
| PHG-CA |
posthandgrip circulatory arrest |
| PHI |
peptide histidine-isoleucine amide (Bachem: a string of amino acids from
his to iso |
|
therefore hyphenate) |
| PHIGS |
Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System |
| pHi |
intracellular pH |
| Ph2o |
partial pressure of water vapor |
| PHM |
peptide histidine-methionine |
| Pi |
inorganic phosphate (do not define) |
| pI |
isoelectric point |
| PI |
phosphatidylinositol |
| Pi |
inspiratory pressure |
| «obar»Pi |
mean pressure developed during inspiration |
| PIA |
N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine, or N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine
(note: R-PIA and S-PIA are (+) and (-) isomers) |
| PiCO |
partial pressure of inhaled carbon monoxide |
| «obar»Pi + e |
mean pressure developed during whole breathing cycle |
| pIgR |
polymeric immunoglobulin receptor |
| PI3-kinase |
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
| Pim |
intramuscular pressure |
| Pimax |
maximum inspiratory pressure |
| «pio2» |
inspired «po2» |
| PIP |
peak inspiratory pressure |
| PIP2 |
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate |
| PIPES |
piperazine-N,N´-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) |
| PIRE |
percent increase ratio of El |
| PIRR |
percent increase ratio of Rl |
| Pitr |
intratracheal pressure |
| PK |
perilla ketone |
| pKa |
acidic dissociation constant |
| pKb |
negative log of equilibrium constant |
| PKC |
protein kinase C |
| Pkelvin |
kelvin body pressure |
| PL |
phospholipid |
| Pl |
transpulmonary pressure or pulmonary pressure |
| Pla |
left atrial pressure |
| ↑Pla |
increased left atrial pressure |
| PLC |
phospholipase C (also PLCγ) |
| PlFRC |
transpulmonary pressure at functional resisdual capacity |
| PLSD |
paired least significant difference |
| PLV |
partial liquid ventilation |
| Pm |
mouth pressure |
| P+M |
pyruvate + malate |
| PMA |
phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (same as TPA) |
| Pmask |
mask pressure |
| PME |
phosphomonoesters |
| pMG |
proximal medial gastrocnemius |
| PMN |
polymorphonuclear neutrophils (leukocytes) |
| PMSF |
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride |
| Pmv |
microvascular pressure |
| PNA |
postnatal age, or phrenic nerve activity, or phrenic nerve amplitude |
| Pns |
nostril pressure |
| PNU |
protein nitrogen units |
| 31P-NMR |
31P nuclear magnetic resonance |
| P0 |
initial pressure |
| Po |
outflow pressure, or maximum isometric force, or maximal tetanic force |
| po |
per os, i.e., by mouth (cf. iv, ip) |
| «po2» |
partial O2 pressure or O2 tension (in JAP:
measured in Torr, do not define) |
| Po2|crit |
critical «po2» |
| POAH |
preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region of the brain stem, or preoptic
area of the anterior hypothalamus |
| POMC |
proopiomelanocortin |
| POPE |
palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine |
| POPS |
palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylserine |
| Posmol |
plasma osmolality |
| Ppa |
pulmonary arterial pressure (not artery) |
| PPARα |
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α |
| ppb |
parts per billion |
| PPHN |
persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn |
| Ppi |
pulmonary inflation pressure |
| Ppl |
pleural pressure, or intrapleural pressure |
| ppm |
parts per million |
| P/Po |
relative tension |
| Ppv |
pulmonary venous pressure |
| pQCT |
peripheral quantitative computerized tomography |
| PRA |
plasma renin activity |
| pRc |
peripheral chemoreceptor |
| pre-BötC |
pre-Bötzinger complex |
| Pres |
resistive pressure |
| [Pro]tot |
total protein concn |
| PS |
phosphatidylserine |
| PS |
permeability-surface area product |
| Psa |
systemic arterial pressure |
| Psl{↓CO2} |
sublingual «pco2» |
| PSP |
pancreatic spasmolytic peptide |
| PSR |
pulmonary stretch receptor |
| PSS |
physiological salt solution |
| Pt |
peak twitch force or maximal twitch force |
| PT |
pneumotachography |
| PTCER |
pulmonary transcapillary escape rate |
| Ptc{↓CO2} |
transcutaneous CO2 tension |
| PTFE |
polytetrafluoroethylene |
| PTH |
parathyroid hormone |
| PTHRP |
parathyroid hormone-related protein |
| PTI |
pressure-time integral |
| Pti{↓CO2} |
tissue «pco2» |
| Pti{↓H2O} |
partial pressure of H2O in tissue |
| Pti{↓O2} |
tissue «po2» |
| PTK |
protein tyrosine kinases |
| Ptp |
transpulmonary pressure |
| Ptr |
tracheal pressure |
| PTX |
pertussis toxin, or
parathyroidectomized, parathyroidectomy |
| PTZ |
pentylenetetrazole |
| PUFA |
polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| P«obar»v |
mixed venous partial pressure |
| P-V |
pressure-volume (always hyphenate acronym) |
| PVBFV |
portal venous blood flow velocity |
| PVC |
polyvinyl chloride |
| «pvco2» |
venous «pco2» |
| PVDF |
polyvinylidene difluoride |
| PVH |
periventricular hypothalamus |
| «pvo2» |
venous «po2» |
| P«obar»v{↓O2} |
mixed venous «po2» |
| PVR |
pulmonary vascular resistance |
| PVRI |
pulmonary vascular resistance index |
| ρ |
density |
| ρ{↓O2} |
molecular density of O2 |
| r |
correlation coefficient |
| R |
side chain (in atoms), or gas constant, or resistance, or
pulmonary/tissue retention |
| R |
resistance (electrical) |
| R0 |
resistance at 0 frequency (pulmonary) |
| R«infinity» |
resistance at infinite frequency (pulmonary) |
| Ra |
rate of appearance |
| RAAS |
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| RACE |
rapid amplification of cDNA ends |
| RANTES |
regulated on activation normal T-expressed and presumably secreted |
| RAP |
respiratory aerosol probe, or right atrial pressure |
| RAR |
rapidly adapting receptor |
| RAS |
renin-angiotensin system |
| Raw |
airway resistance |
| RBC |
red blood cells ("red cell" as adjective is okay) |
| RBF |
renal blood flow |
| RC |
rib cage |
| rCBF |
regional cerebral blood flow |
| RCM |
rib cage muscles |
| r{↓CO2} |
rate of CO2 production |
| RCR |
respiratory control ratio |
| Rd |
rate of disappearance |
| RD |
regulatory domain, or rate of twitch tension development |
| RDA |
recommended dietary allowance |
| RDS |
respiratory distress syndrome |
| rENaC |
rat epithelial Na channels |
| RE |
resistance of extracellular water |
| Reff |
effective resistance of the lung |
| REM |
rapid eye movement (do not hyphenate as adjective) |
| RER |
respiratory exchange ratio |
| Rexp |
expiratory circuit resistance |
| Rf |
relative migration, or retardation factor (in chromatography - do
not define) |
| RF |
radio frequency, or rectus femoris, or rise fraction |
| RFN |
retrofacial nucleus |
| Rg |
glucose metabolic index |
| RGB |
red, green, blue (standard usage in video industry - do
not define) |
| rG-CSF |
recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor |
| RGM |
respiratory gas analyzer |
| RH |
relative humidity |
| RHBF |
reactive hyperemic blood flow |
| rhGRF |
rat hypothalamic hormone- releasing factor |
| RI |
inspiratory resistance |
| RIA |
radioimmunoassay |
| RIP |
respiratory inductive plethysmograph |
| Rl |
total lung resistance, or pulmonary resistance, or lung resistance |
| RL,E |
expiratory pulmonary resistance |
| RL,I |
inspiratory pulmonary resistance |
| RLN |
recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| RLS |
recursive least squares |
| RM |
raphé magnus |
| 1 RM |
one repetition maximum |
| RMP |
resting membrane potential |
| RMR |
resting metabolic rate |
| RMS |
root mean square |
| RNS |
reactive nitrogen species |
| Rn |
nasal resistance |
| rn |
fraction of bound sites at end of nth recovery interval |
| RO |
raphé obscurus |
| ROD |
relative optical density |
| ROI |
region of interest |
| ROM |
range of angular motion |
| ROO«rrad» |
peroxyl radical |
| ROS |
reactive oxygen species |
| RP |
raphé pallidus |
| Rp-cAMP[S] |
Rp-adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphorothioate |
| Rpa |
peripheral airway resistance |
| RPA |
RNase protection assay |
| RPBF |
relative pulmonary blood flow |
| RPE |
rating of perceived exertion |
| R-PE |
R-phycoerythrin |
| R-PIA |
see PIA |
| RPMI 1640 |
(growth medium; stands for Roswell Park Memorial Institute - do
not define) |
| RPO |
rostral periolivary region |
| RPP |
rate-pressure product |
| RQ |
respiratory quotient |
| R-R |
R-wave-R-wave (interval) |
| RR |
rate of twitch tension relaxation |
| RREP |
respiratory-related evoked potential |
| Rrs |
respiratory system resistance |
| RSA |
respiratory sinus arrhythmia |
| RSNA |
renal sympathetic nerve activity |
| RSS |
residual sum of squares |
| RSSE |
residual sum of squared errors |
| RT |
transepithelial resistance |
| RTE |
transepithelial electrical resistance |
| RT |
reverse transcriptase, or resistance training (do
not define) |
| RT1/2 |
one-half relaxation time |
| RT50 |
half relaxation time |
| Rti |
tissue resistance |
| Rti, l |
lung tissue resistance |
| RTM |
resting twitch moment |
| RTN |
retrotrapezoid nucleus |
| RT-PCR |
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction |
| RTS |
reconstituted test surfactants |
| Ruaw |
upper airway wall resistance |
| Rv |
vascular resistance |
| RV |
residual volume |
| RVD |
restrictive ventilatory disease |
| RVLM |
rostral ventrolateral medulla |
| rVMS |
rostral ventrolateral medullary surface |
| RVR |
renal vascular resistance |
| rVRG |
rostral ventral respiratory group |
| RyR |
ryanodine receptor (RyR1, RyR2) |
| σ |
reflection coefficient |
| σg |
geometric SD |
| S |
slope, or surface area |
| S-A |
sinoatrial |
| SAAT |
subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue |
| SAGE |
serial analysis of gene expression |
| SAH |
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase |
| SAHS |
sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome |
| SAN |
sinoatrial node |
| «sao2» |
arterial O2 saturation |
| SAP |
systolic arterial pressure, or systemic arterial pressure |
| SAPI |
spatial average pixel intensity |
| SAR |
specific absorption rate, or slowly adapting receptors |
| SAV |
small-animal ventilator |
| SBFI |
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate |
| SBN |
single-breath nitrogen (test) |
| SBT |
single-breath test |
| SBTI |
soybean trypsin inhibitor |
| SBW |
single-breath washout |
| sc |
subcutaneous |
| SCF |
stem cell factor |
| SCI |
spinal cord injury |
| SCP |
static condition period |
| SD |
standard deviation |
| SD50% |
SD at 50% |
| SDH |
succinate dehydrogenase |
| SDNN |
SD of normal R-R intervals |
| SDP |
standard deviation plotting |
| SD«odot»Q |
SD of perfusion distribution |
| SDS |
sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| SDS-PAGE |
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (do
not define) |
| SE |
standard error, or sympathoexcitatory |
| SEE |
standard error of estimate |
| SEP |
somatosensory-evoked potentials |
| SERCA |
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (e.g., SERCA2) (SERCA1
gene) |
| SET |
standardized exercise test |
| Sf |
Svedberg units |
| SF6 |
sulfur hexafluoride |
| SFO |
subfornical organ |
| SFR |
short-latency fractionation response |
| sGaw |
specific airway conductance |
| SHBG |
sex hormone-binding globulin |
| SHR |
spontaneously hypertensive rat |
| SI |
sympathoexcitatory, or spectroscopic imaging |
| SIN-1 |
3-morpholinosydnonimine |
| SIRS |
systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
| SITS |
4-acetamido-4´-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2´-disulfonic acid |
| SkBF |
skin blood flow |
| SL |
sarcolemmal, or sea level |
| SLeX |
sialyl Lewis X-like carbohydrates |
| slm |
stratum lacunosum moleculare |
| SLNin |
internal branches of superior larengeal nerve |
| sm |
stratum moleculare |
| SMA |
supplementary motor area, or superior mesenteric artery |
| smg |
small molecular weight GTP-binding protein |
| SN |
sinus node, or signal to noise, or substantia nigra |
| SNA |
sympathetic nerve activity |
| SNAP |
S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine or soluble
NSF-associated protein (NSF = N-ethylinaliemide-sensitive factor), or
synaptosomal-associated protein |
| SNO-Hb |
S-nitrosohemoglobin |
| SNP |
sodium nitroprusside |
| SNR |
signal-to-noise ratio |
| SNS |
sympathetic nervous system |
| So2 |
oxyhemoglobin saturation |
| SOC |
self-organized criticality |
| SOD |
superoxide dismutase |
| Sol |
soleus |
| SON |
supraoptic nucleus |
| SP-A |
surfactant protein A |
| sp act |
specific activity |
| SP-cAMP[S] |
stimulatory diastereoisomer of adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic
monophosphate |
| SPECT |
single-photon-emission computed tomography |
| SPF |
specific-pathogen free |
| sPLA2 |
secreted phospholipase A2 |
| SPM |
statistical parametric mapping |
| Sp{↓O2} |
arterial O2 saturation from pulse oximetry |
| 8-SPT |
8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline |
| SR |
sarcoplasmic reticulum, or sweat rate |
| sRaw |
specific airway resistance |
| SRE |
serum response element (SRE1, SRE2, SRE3) |
| SRF |
serum response factor |
| SRIF |
somatotropin release-inhibiting factor |
| sRl |
specific pulmonary resistance |
| SRT |
spinoreticular tract |
| SSC |
sodium chloride-sodium citrate, or standard sodium citrate, or saline
sodium citrate (do not define) |
| SSD |
sum of squares of differences |
| SSI |
strength strain index |
| SSLP |
simple sequence-length polymorphism |
| SSNA |
skin sympathetic nerve activity |
| SSPE |
sodium chloride-sodium phosphate-EDTA |
| SSRE |
shear stress-response element |
| STAT |
signal transducer and activator of transcription |
| STPD |
standard temp. pressure dry (do not define) |
| STT |
spinothalamic tract |
| STZ |
streptozotocin |
| Sv |
capillary surface area |
| SV |
stroke volume |
| SVI |
stroke volume index |
| SVmax |
maximal stroke volume |
| SVOP |
system for venous occlusion plethysmography |
| SVR |
systemic vascular resistance |
| SVRI |
systemic vascular resistance index |
| SWIFT |
sine wave inspiratory forcing technique |
| SWS |
slow-wave sleep |
| τ |
time constant |
| ΘCO |
CO uptake conductance of erythrocytes |
| t |
time |
| t1/2 |
half-time |
| T1 |
longitudinal relaxation time |
| T2 |
transverse relaxation time |
| T3 |
3,5,3´-triiodothyronine |
| T4 |
thyroxine |
| T84 |
cell line |
| T |
temperature, or tension |
| T |
thickness |
| Ta |
ambient temperature |
| ta |
interval during which drug binds |
| TA |
thoracic aorta or thyroarytenoid |
| TAB |
total autonomic blockade |
| TAC |
total antioxidant capacity |
| TAG |
triacylglycerol |
| TAME |
Nα-p-tosyl-l-arginine methyl
ester |
| TAN |
total adenine nucleotide |
| TAV |
total angle variance |
| Tb |
body temperature |
| «obar»Tb |
mean body temperature |
| TBA |
thiobarbituric acid |
| TBARS |
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances |
| TBK |
total body potassium |
| TBS |
Tris-buffered saline |
| TBW |
total body water |
| Tc |
body core temperature |
| 99mTc |
technetium-99m |
| TCA |
trichloroacetic acid or tricarboxycylic acid |
| TCr |
total creatine |
| TCVP |
transmural central venous pressure |
| Td |
time delay |
| TD |
time delay or tissue density |
| TD50 |
time to reach 50% decay |
| Te |
expiratory time, or duration of expiration |
| TE |
Tris-EDTA buffer, or echo time |
| TEA |
tetraethylammonium or thermic effect of activity |
| TEAC |
trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity |
| TEAM |
external auditory meatus temperature |
| TEAP |
tetraethylammonium phosphate |
| TEE |
transesophageal echocardiography, or total energy expenditure |
| TEeff |
effective echo time |
| TEER |
transepithelial electrical resistance |
| TEF |
thermic effect of food |
| TEM |
transmission electron microscopy, or technical errors of measurement |
| TEMED |
N,N,N´,N´-tetramethylethylenediamine |
| TER |
transcapillary escape rate or total energy requirement or
transendothelial electrical resistance |
| Tes |
esophageal temperature |
| TF |
transfer function |
| TFA |
trifluoracetic acid or transcription factor A |
| TFW |
tendon fluid weight |
| TG |
triglycerides, or thioglycolate |
| TGF-β,-β1, -α |
transforming growth factor-β, etc. TGF can also be tubuloglomerular
flow |
| TGLP |
truncated form of GLP lacking the 6 NH2-terminal amino acid
sequence |
| TGSH |
total glutathione |
| TGV |
thoracic gas volume |
| Th |
T helper (Th1, Th2) |
| tHb |
total Hb |
| THF |
tetrahydrofolate |
| Ti |
inspiratory time, or duration of inspiration |
| Ti/Tt |
respiratory duty cycle |
| TIU |
trypsin inhibitor unit |
| TKRA |
tachykinin receptor antagonist |
| TLC |
thin-layer chromatography, or total lung capacity |
| Tlim |
time limit of endurance |
| Tloc |
local temperature at LDF measurement site |
| TLV |
total liquid ventilation |
| Tm |
muscle temperature |
| TMA |
tetramethylammonium |
| Tmax |
maximal torque |
| TMPD |
tetramethylpentadecane |
| TnC |
troponin C |
| TnCf |
troponin C fast isoform |
| TnCs |
troponin C slow isoform |
| TNF |
tumor necrosis factor |
| TNF-α |
tumor necrosis factor-α |
| TNFR1 |
TNF receptor 1 |
| TNI |
tonic neural input |
| TNT |
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene |
| «odot»To2 |
convective O2 transport |
| «odot»To2|max |
maximum convective O2 transport |
| TPA |
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (same as PMA) |
| Tpa |
pulmonary artery temperature |
| TPCK |
N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine
chloromethyl ketone |
| TPOAH |
temperature of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region of the brain
stem |
| TPR |
total peripheral resistance |
| TPTZ |
tripyridyltriazine |
| tr |
interval during which drug is trapped |
| Tr |
repetition time |
| TR |
transverse relaxation time, or time resolved, or repetition time |
| TRAP |
thrombin receptor agonist peptide |
| Tre |
rectal temperature |
| TRIP |
thrombin receptor inhibitor peptide (may be several) |
| Tris |
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (do not define) |
| TRITC |
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate |
| Tset |
set-point temperature |
| Tsk |
skin temperature |
| «obar»Tsk |
mean skin temperature |
| Tsl |
sublingual temperature |
| TSGG |
transsarcolemmal glucose gradient |
| TSH |
thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Tt |
total breath time |
| TT |
transit time |
| Ttot |
duration of respiratory cycle |
| TTtot |
total tension time |
| TTBS |
Tween-20 Tris-base sodium |
| TTC |
triphenyltetrazolium chloride |
| TTE |
transthoracic contrast echocardiography |
| TTF-1 |
thyroid transcription factor-1 |
| TTI |
tension-time integral |
| TTL |
transistor-transistor logic |
| TTX |
tetrodotoxin |
| TVR |
tonic vibration reflex |
| Tx |
thromboxane (TxA, TxB) |
| TxA2 |
thromboxane A2 |
| «odot»V |
flow, or ventilation |
| 1/«odot»V |
reciprocal of gas flow through nose |
| v |
exponential rate constant, or velocity, or voltage (potential) |
| V |
volt (keV = kilo-electron volt), or volume, or PCr resynthesis rate |
| V |
potential, or velocity, or voltage |
| Va |
apical membrane voltage |
| «odot»Va |
alveolar ventilation |
| (v-a)CO2 |
venoarterial CO2 concentration difference |
| VAH |
ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia |
| VAMP |
vesicle-associated membrane polypeptide |
| (v-a)«pco2» |
venoarterial «pco2» difference |
| «vaq» |
ventilation-perfusion |
| VAS |
visual analog scale |
| Vb |
basolateral membrane voltage |
| V{↓b|N2} |
volume of N2 in bubble |
| Vc |
capillary volume, or pulmonary capillary blood volume |
| Vc |
command potential |
| Vc |
centerline blood flow velocity |
| «odot»Vc |
central component of ventilation |
| VC |
vital capacity |
| VCAM-1 |
vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
| «odot»Vco |
carbon monoxide production |
| «odot»Vco2 |
carbon dioxide production |
| VD |
volume of distribution |
| Vd |
dead space volume |
| Vdanat |
anatomic dead space volume |
| VDCC |
voltage-dependent calcium channels |
| Vdphys |
physiological dead space volume |
| Ve |
voltage electrodes |
| «ve» |
minute ventilation |
| «ve» max |
maximal exercise ventilation |
| «odot»VE |
exhalation flow rate |
| «ve»crit |
critical «ve» |
| Ved |
end-diastolic volume |
| VEGF |
vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF, for recombinant human) |
| Ves |
end-systolic volume |
| VF |
ventricular fibrillation |
| VFD |
volumetric front depth |
| VH |
vascular hypoxia |
| «vi» |
inspiratory flow, inspired minute ventilation |
| Vi |
initial volume |
| VIF |
variance inflation factor |
| «odot»Vimax |
maximal inspiratory flow |
| «odot»Vin |
inflow |
| Vmax |
maximum PCr recovery rate |
| «odot»Vout |
outflow |
| VOI |
volume of interest |
| VIP |
vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| Vl |
breath-holding volume, or lung volume |
| VL |
vastus lateralis |
| VLD |
volumetric lung depth |
| VLDL |
very low-density lipoprotein |
| VLl |
left lung volume (VLleft
preferred) |
| VM |
vastus medialis |
| «odot»Vmax |
maximal expiratory flow |
| Vmax |
maximal velocity, or maximum velocity, or maximum rate of transition (do
not define) |
| Vmean |
mean blood cell velocity |
| VMH |
ventromedial hypothalamus |
| VMS |
ventrolateral medullary surface |
| VNA |
vertebral nerve activity |
| «odot»VnE |
gas flow out of nose (expiration) |
| «odot»VnI |
gas flow into nose (inspiration) |
| «odot»Vno |
NO production |
| V0 |
unloaded shortening velocity, maximal shortening velocity |
| «vo2» |
oxygen consumption |
| «odot»Vo2|max |
maximal oxygen consumption |
| «odot»Vo2|rm |
O2 consumption by respiratory muscles |
| «odot»Vo2|tot |
total body O2 uptake |
| «odot»Vo2|tot,|max |
maximal total body O2 uptake |
| VOP |
venous occlusion plethysmography |
| Vp |
penetration volume, or volumetric penetration |
| «odot»Vp |
perpheral component of ventilation |
| Vp|250 |
volumetric penetration of 250 ml |
| VPS |
vinyl polysiloxane |
| VPF |
vascular permeability factor |
| VPS |
ventral pontine surface |
| Vr |
erythrocyte velocity |
| Vr |
residual volume |
| VRG |
ventral respiratory group |
| «odot»Vs |
sample flow rate |
| VT |
ventricular tachycardia, or ventilatory threshold |
| Vt |
tidal volume |
| Vtabd |
abdominal compartmental ventilation |
| Vti |
volume of neural tissue, or tissue volume |
| VtPT |
tidal volume obtained from PT |
| «odot»Vtrc |
rib cage compartmental ventilation |
| Vtrip |
tidal volume estimates of the RIP |
| Vt |
transepithelial voltage |
| Vv |
volume density |
| Vv(mt,f) |
mitochondrial volume density |
| Vvp |
volume density of parenchyma |
| Vvr |
volume density of respiratory region |
| Vvra |
volume density of respiratory air spaces |
| Vvrt |
volume density of respiratory tissues |
| Vw |
leukocyte velocity |